【政策法規】國際民用航空公約

(1944年12月7日 芝加哥)

序　言

鑒于國際民用航空的未來發展對建立和保持世界各國之間和人民之間的友誼和了解大有幫助，而其濫用足以威脅普遍安全；又鑒于有需要避免各國之間和人民之間的磨擦并促進其合作，世界和平有賴于此；因此，下列各簽署國政府議定了若干原則和辦法，使國際民用航空得按照安全和有秩序的方式發展，并使國際航空運輸業務得建立在機會均等的基礎上，健康地和經濟地經營；為此目的締結本公約。

第一部分　空中航行

第一章　公約的一般原則和適用

第一條　主權?

締約各國承認每一國家對其領土之上的空氣空間享有完全的和排他的主權。

第二條　領土?

本公約所指一國的領土，應認為是在該國主權、宗主權、保護或委任統治下的陸地區域及與其鄰接的領水。

第三條　民用航空器和國家航空器?

一、本公約僅適用于民用航空器，不適用于國家航空器。?

二、用于軍事、海關和警察部門的航空器，應認為是國家航空器。?

三、一締約國的國家航空器，未經特別協定或其他方式的許可并遵照其中的規定，不得在另一締約國領土上空飛行或在此領土上降落?。

四、締約各國承允在發布關于其國家航空器的規章時，對民用航空器的航行安全予以應有的注意。

第三條 分條

注: 一九八四年五月十日，大會決定修正芝加哥公約，增加第三條分條。該條尚未生效。

一、締約各國承認，每一國家必須避免對飛行中的民用航空器使用武器，如攔截，必須不危及航空器內人員的生命和航空器的安全。此一規定不應被解釋為在任何方面修改了聯合國憲章所規定的各國的權利和義務。?

二、締約各國承認，每一國家在行使其主權時，對未經允許而飛越其領土的民用航空器，或者有合理的根據認為該航空器被用于與本公約宗旨不相符的目的，有權要求該航空器在指定的機場降落；該國也可以給該航空器任何其他指令，以終止此類侵犯。為此目的，締約各國可采取符合國際法的有關規則，包括本公約的有關規定，特別是本條第一款規定的任何適當手段。每一締約國同意公布其關于攔截民用航空器的現行規定。?

三、任何民用航空器必須遵守根據本條第二款發出的命令。為此目的，每一締約國應在本國法律或規章中作出一切必要的規定，以便在該國登記的、或者在該國有主營業所或永久居所的經營人所使用的任何航空器必須遵守上述命令。每一締約國應使任何違反此類現行法律或規章的行為受到嚴厲懲罰，并根據本國法律將這一案件提交其主管當局。?

四、每一締約國應采取適當措施，禁止將在該國登記的、或者在該國有主營業所或永久居所的經營人所使用的任何民用航空器肆意用于與本公約宗旨不相符的目的。這一規定不應影響本條第一款或者與本條第二款和第三款相抵觸。

第四條　民用航空的濫用?

締約各國同意不將民用航空用于和本公約的宗旨不相符的任何目的。

第二章　在締約國領土上空飛行

第五條　不定期飛行的權利?

締約各國同意其他締約國的一切不從事定期國際航班飛行的航空器，在遵守本公約規定的條件，不需要事先獲準，有權飛入或飛經其領土而不降停，或作非商業性降停，但飛經國有權令其降落。為了飛行安全，當航空器所欲飛經的地區不得進入或缺乏適當航行設施時，締約各國保留令其遵循規定航路或獲得特準后方許飛行的權利。?

此項航空器如為取酬或出租而載運乘客、貨物、郵件但非從事定期國際航班飛行，在遵守第七條規定的情況下，亦有上下乘客、貨物或郵件的特權，但上下的地點所在國家有權規定其認為需要的規章、條件或限制。

第六條　定期航班除非經一?

締約國特準或其他許可并遵照此項特準或許可的條件，任何定期國際航班不得在該國領土上空飛行或進入該國領土。

第七條　國內運營權?

締約各國有權拒絕準許其他締約國的航空器為取酬或出租在其領土內載運乘客、郵件和貨物前往其領土內另一地點。締約各國承允不締結任何協議在排他的基礎上特準任何其他國家的空運企業享有任何此項特權，也不向任何其他國家取得任何此項排他的特權。

第八條　無人駕駛航空器?

任何無人駕駛而能飛行的航空器，未經一締約國特許并遵照此項特許的條件，不得無人駕駛而在該國領土上空飛行。締約各國承允對此項無人駕駛的航空器在向民用航空器開放的地區內的飛行加以管制，以免危及民用航空器。

第九條　禁區?

一、締約各國由于軍事需要或公共安全的理由，可以一律限制或禁止其他國家的航空器在其領土內的某些地區上空飛行，但對該領土所屬國從事定期國際航班飛行的航空器和其他締約國從事同樣飛行的航空器，在這一點上不得有所區別。此種禁區的范圍和位置應當合理，以免空中航行受到不必要的阻礙。一締約國領土內此種禁區的說明及其隨后的任何變更，應盡速通知其他各締約國及國際民用航空組織。?

二、在非常情況下，或在緊急時期內，或為了公共安全，締約各國也保留暫時限制或禁止航空器在其全部或部分領土上空飛行的權利并立即生效，但此種限制或禁止應不分國籍適用于所有其他國家的航空器。?

三、締約各國可以依照其制定的規章，令進入上述第一款或第二款所指地區的任何航空器盡速在其領土內一指定的機場降落。

第十條　在設關機場降落?

除按照本公約的條款或經特許，航空器可以飛經一締約國領土而不降停外，每一航空器進入一締約領土，如該國規章有規定時，應在該國指定的機場降停，以便進行海關和其他檢查。當離開一締約國領土時，此種航空器應從同樣指定的設關機場離去。所有指定的設關機場的詳細情形，應由該國公布，并送交根據本公約第二部分設立的國際民用航空組織，以便通知所有其他締約國。

第十一條　空中規章的適用?

在遵守本公約各規定的條件下，一締約國關于從事國際航行的航空器進入或離開其領土或關于此種航空器在其領土內操作或航行的法律和規章，應不分國籍，適用于所有締約國的航空器，此種航空器在進入或離開該國領土或在其領土內時，都應該遵守此項法律和規章。

第十二條　空中規則?

締約各國承允采取措施以保證在其領土上空飛行或在其領土內運轉的每一航空器及每一具有其國籍標志的航空器，不論在何地，應遵守當地關于航空器飛行和運轉的現行規則和規章。締約各國承允使這方面的本國規章，在最大可能范圍內，與根據本公約隨時制定的規章相一致。在公海上空，有效的規則應為根據本公約制定的規則。締約各國承允對違反適用規章的一切人員起訴。

第十三條　入境及放行規章?

一締約國關于航空器的乘客、機組或貨物進入或離開其領土的法律和規章，如關于入境、放行、移民、護照、海關及檢疫的規章，應由此種乘客、機組或貨物在進入、離開或在該國領土內時遵照執行或由其代表遵照執行。

第十四條　防止疾病傳播?

締約各國同意采取有效措施防止經由空中航行傳播霍亂、班疹傷寒（流行性）、天花、黃熱病、鼠疫、以及締約各國隨時確定的其他傳染病。為此，締約各國將與負責關于航空器衛生措施的國際規章的機構保持密切的磋商。此種磋商應不妨礙締約各國所參加的有關此事的任何現行國際公約的適用。

第十五條　機場費用和類似費用?

一締約國對其本國航空器開放的公用機場，在遵守第六十八條規定的情況下，應按統一條件對所有其他締約國的航空器開放。為航行安全和便利而提供公用的一切航行設施，包括無線電和氣象服務，由締約各國的航空器使用時，應適用同樣的統一條件。?

一締約國對任何其他締約國的航空器使用此種機場及航行設施可以征收或準許征收的任何費用：?

一、對不從事定期國際航班飛行的航空器，應不高于從事同樣飛行的本國同級航空器所繳納的費用；?

二、對從事定期國際航班飛行的航空器，應不高于從事同樣國際航班飛行的本國航空器所繳納的費用。?

所有此類費用應予公布，并通知國際民用航空組織，但如一有關締約國提出意見，此項使用機場及其他設施的收費率應由理事會審查。理事會應就此提出報告和建議，供有關的一國或幾國考慮。任何締約對另一締約國的任何航空器或航空器上所載人員或財物不得僅因給予通過或進入或離去其領土的權利而征收任何規費、捐稅或其他費用。

第十六條　對航空器的檢查締約各國有關當局有權對其他締約國的航空器在降停或飛離時進行檢查，并查驗本公約規定的證件和其他文件，但應避免不合理的延誤。

第三章　航空器的國籍

第十七條　航空器的國籍?

航空器具有其登記的國家的國籍。

第十八條　雙重登記?

航空器在一個以上國家登記不得認為有效，但其登記可以由一國轉移至另一國。

第十九條　管理登記的國家法律航空器在任何締約國登記或轉移登記，應按該國的法律和規章辦理。

第二十條　標志的展示?

從事國際航行的每一航空器應載有適當的國籍標志和登記標志。

第二十一條

登記的報告締約各國承允，如經要求，應將關于在該國登記的某一個航空器的登記及所有權情況提供給任何另一締約國或國際民用航空組織。此外，締約各國應按照國際民用航空組織制定的規章，向該組織報告有關在該國登記的經常從事國際航行的航空器所有權和控制權的可提供的有關資料。如經要求，國際民用航空組織應將所得到的資料提供給其他締約國。

第四章　便利空中航行的措施

第二十二條　簡化手續?

締約各國同意采取一切可行的措施，通過發布特別規章或其他方法，以便利和加速航空器在締約各國領土間的航行，特別是在執行關于移民、檢疫、海關、放行等法律時，防止對航空器、機組、乘客和貨物造成不必要的延誤。

第二十三條　海關和移民程序?

締約各國承允在其認為可行的情況下，按照依本公約隨時制定或建議的措施，制定有關國際航行的海關和移民程序。本公約的任何規定不得被解釋為妨礙設置豁免關稅的機場。

第二十四條　關稅?

一、航空器飛抵、飛離或飛越另一締約國領土時，在遵守該國海關規章的條件下，應準予暫時免納關稅。一締約國的航空器在到達另一締約國領土時所載的燃料、潤滑油、零備件、正常設備及機上供應品，在航空器離開該國領土時，如仍留置航空器上，應免納關稅、檢驗費或類似的國家或地方稅款和費用，此種豁免不適用于卸下的任何數量或物品，但按照該國海關規章允許的不在此例，此種規章可以要求上述物品應受海關監督。?

二、運入一締約國領土的零備件和設備，供裝配另一締約國的從事國際航行的航空器或在該航空器上使用，應準予免納關稅，但須遵守有關國家的規章，此種規章可以規定上述物品應受海關的監督和管制。

第二十五條　航空器遇險?

締約各國承允對在其領土內遇險的航空器，在其認為可行的情況下，采取援助措施，并在本國當局管制下準許該航空器所有人或該航空器登記國的當局采取情況所需的援助措施。締約各國搜尋失蹤的航空器時，應在按照本公約隨時建議的各種協同措施方面進行合作。

第二十六條　事故調查?

一締約國的航空器如在另一締約國的領土內發生事故，致有死亡或嚴重傷害或表明航空器或航行設施有重大技術缺陷時，事故所在地國家應在該國法律許可的范圍內，依照國際民用航空組織建議的程序，著手調查事故情形。航空器登記國應有機會指派觀察員在調查時到場，而主持調查的國家，應將關于此事的報告及調查結果，通知航空登記國。

第二十七條　不因專利權的主張而扣押航空器?

一、一締約國從事國際航行的航空器，被準許進入或通過另一締約國領土時，不論降停與否，另一締約國不得以該國名義或以該國任何人的名義，其于航空器的構造、機構、零件、附件或操作有侵犯航空器進入國依法發給或登記的任何專利權、設計或模型的情形，而扣押或扣留該航空器，或對該航空器的所有人或經營人提出任何權利主張，或進行任何其他干涉。締約各國并同意在任何情況下，航空器所進入的國家對航空器免予扣押或扣留時，均不要求繳付保證金。?

二、本條第一款的規定，也適用于一締約國在另一締約國領土內航空器備用零件和備用設備的存儲，以及使用并裝置此項零件和設備以修理航空器的權利，但此項存儲的任何專利零件或設備，不得在航空器進入國國內出售或轉讓，也不得作為商品輸出該國。?

三、本條的利益只適用于本公約的參加國并且是：（一）國際保護工業產權公約及其任何修正案的參加國；或（二）已經頒布專利法，對本公約其他參加國國民的發明予以承認并給予適當保護的國家。

第二十八條　航行設施和標準制度?

締約各國承允在它認為可行的情況下：?

一、根據依本公約隨時建議或制定的標準和措施，在其領土內提供機場、無線電服務、氣象服務及其他航行設施，以便利國際空中航行。?

二、采取和實施根據本公約隨時建議或制定的有關通信程序、簡碼、標志、信號、燈光及其他操作規程和規則的適當的標準制度。?

三、在國際措施方面進行合作，以便航空地圖和圖表能按照本公約隨時建議或制定的標準出版。

第五章　航空器應具備的條件

第二十九條　航空器應備文件?

締約國的每一航空器在從事國際航行時，應按照本公約規定的條件攜帶下列文件：?

一、航空器登記證；?

二、航空器適航證；?

三、每一機組成員的適當的執照；?

四、航空器航行記錄簿；?

五、航空器無線電臺許可證，如該航空器裝有無線電設備；?

六、列有乘客姓名及其登機地與目的地的清單，如該航空器載有乘客；?

七、貨物艙單及詳細的申報單，如該航空器載有貨物。

第三十條　航空器無線電設備?

一、各締約國航空器在其他締約國領土內或在其領土上空時，只有在具備該航空器登記國主管當局發給的設置及使用無線電發射設備的許可證時，才可以攜帶此項設備。在該航空器飛經的締約國領土內使用無線電發射設備，應遵守該國制定的規章。?

二、無線電發射設備只準許飛行組成員中持有航空器登記國主管當局為此發給的專門執照的人員使用。

第三十一條　適航證?

凡從事國際航行的每一航空器，應備有該航空器登記國發給或核準的適航證。

第三十二條　人員執照?

一、從事國際航行的每一航空器駕駛員及飛行機組其他成員，應備有該航空器登記國發給或核準的合格證書和執照。?

二、就在本國領土上空飛行而言，締約各國對其任何國民持有的由另一締約國發給的合格證書和執照，保留拒絕承認的權利。

第三十三條　證書及執照的承認?

登記航空器的締約國發給或核準的適航證和合格證書及執照，其他締約國應承認其有效。但發給或核準此項證書或執照的要求，須等于或高于根據本公約隨時制定的最低標準。

第三十四條　航行記錄簿?

從事國際航行的每一航空器，應保持一份航行記錄薄，以根據本公約隨時規定的格式記載航空器、機組及每次航行的詳情。

第三十五條　貨物限制?

一、從事國際航行的航空器，非經一國許可，在該國領土內或在該國領土上空時不得載運軍火或作戰物資，至于本條所指軍火或作戰物資的含意，各國應以規章自行確定，但為求得統一起見，應適當考慮國際民用航空組織隨時所作的建議。

?

二、締約各國為了公共秩序和安全，除第一款所列物品外，保留管制或禁止在其領土內或領土上空載運其他物品的權利。但在這方面，對從事國際航行的本國航空器和從事同樣航行的其他國家的航空器，不得有所區別，也不得對在航空器上為航空器操作或航行所必要的或為機組成員或乘客的安全而必須攜帶和使用的器械加任何限制。

第三十六條　照相機?

締約各國可以禁止或管制在其領土上空的航空器內使用照相機。

第六章　國際標準及其建議措施

第三十七條　國際標準及程序的采用?

締約各國承允在關于航空器、人員、航路及各種輔助服務的規章、標準、程序及工作組織方面進行合作，凡采用統一辦法而能便利、改進空中航行的事項，盡力求得可行的最高程度的一致。?

為此，國際民用航空組織應根據需要就以下項目隨時制定并修改國際標準及建議措施和程序：?

一、通信系統和助航設備，包括地面標志；?

二、機場和降落地區的特征；?

三、空中規則和空中交通管制辦法；?

四、飛行和機務人員證件的頒發；?

五、航空器的適航性；?

六、航空器的登記和識別；?

七、氣象資料的收集和交換；?

八、航行記錄薄；?

九、航空地圖及圖表；?

十、海關和移民手續；?

十一、航空器遇險和事故調查；以及隨時認為適當的有關空中航行安全、正常性及效率的其他事項。

第三十八條　背離國際標準和程序?

任何國家如認為對任何上述國際標準和程序，不能在一切方面遵行，或在任何國際標準和程序修改后，不能使其本國的規章和措施完全符合此項國際標準和程序，或該國認為有必要采用在某方面不同于國際標準所規定的規章和措施時，應立即將其本國的措施和國際標準所規定的措施之間的差別，通知國際民用航空組織。任何國家如在國際標準修改以后，對其本國規章或措施不作相應修改，應于國際標準修正案通過后六十天內通知理事會，或表明它擬采取的行動，在上述情況下，理事會應立即將國際標準和該國措施間在一項或幾項上存在差別通知所有其他各國。

第三十九條　證書及執照簽注?

一、任何航空器和航空器的部件，如有適航或性能方面的國際標準，而在發給證書時與此種標準在某個方面有所不符，應在其適航證上簽注或加一附件，列舉其不符各點的詳情。?

二、任何持有執照的人員如不完全符合所持執照或證書等級的國際標準所規定的條件，應在其執照上簽注或加一附件，列舉其不符此項條件的詳情。

第四十條　簽注證書和執照的效力?

備有此種經簽注的證書或執照的航空器或人員，除非經航空器所進入的領土所屬國準許，不得參加國際航行。任何此項航空器或任何此項有證書的航空器部件，如在其原發證國以外的其他國家登記或使用，應由此項航空器或航空器部件所輸入的國家自行決定能否予以登記或使用。

第四十一條　現行適航標準的承認?

對于航空器或航空器設備，如其原型是在其國際適航標準采用之日起三年以內送交國家有關機關申請發給證書的，不適用本章的規定。

第四十二條　合格人員現行標準的承認?

對于人員，如其執照最初是在此項人員資格的國際標準通過之日起一年以內發給的，不適用本章的規定；但對于從此項國際標準通過之日起，其執照繼續有效五年的人員，本章的規定都應適用。

第二部分　國際民用航空組織

第七章　組織

第四十三條　名稱和組成?

根據本公約成立一個定名為“國際民用航空組織”的組織。該組織由大會、理事會和其他必要的各國機構組成。

第四十四條　目的國際民用航空組織的宗旨和目的在于發展國際航行的原則和技術，并促進國際航空運輸的規劃和發展，以：??

一、確保全世界國際民用航空安全地和有秩序地發展；?

二、鼓勵為和平用途的航空器的設計和操作藝術；?

三、鼓勵發展國際民用航空應用的航路、機場和航行設施；?

四、滿足世界人民對安全、正常、有效和經濟的航空運輸的需要；?

五、防止因不合理的競爭而造成經濟上的浪費；?

六、確保締約各國的權利充分受到尊重，每一締約國均有經營國際空運企業的公平的機會；?

七、避免締約各國之間的差別待遇；?

八、促進國際航行的飛行安全；?

九、普遍促進國際民用航空在各方面的發展。

第四十五條　永久地址?

本組織的永久地址應由1944年12月7日在芝加哥簽訂的國際民用航空臨時協定所設立的臨時國際民用航空組織臨時大會最后一次會議確定。本組織的地址經理事會決議可以暫遷他處。

第四十六條　大會第一屆會議?

大會第一屆會議應由上述臨時組織的臨時理事會在本公約生效后立即召集。會議的時間和地點由臨時理事會決定。

第四十七條　法律能力?

本組織在締約各國領土內應享有為履行其職能所必須的法律能力。凡與有關國家的憲法和法律不相抵觸時，都應承認其完全的法人資格。

第八章　大會

第四十八條　大會會議和表決?

一、大會由理事會在適當的時間和地點每年召開一次。經理事會召集或經任何十個締約國向秘書長提出要求，可以隨時舉行大會特別會議。?

二、所有締約國在大會會議上都有同等的代表權，每一締約國應有一票的表決權，締約各國代表可由技術顧問協助，顧問可以參加會議，但無表決權。?

三、大會會議必須有過半數的締約國構成法定人數。除本公約另有規定外，大會決議應由所投票數的過半數票通過。

第四十九條　大會的權力和職責?

大會的權力和職責為：??

一、在每次會議上選舉大會主席和其他職員；?

二、按照第九章的規定，選舉參加理事會的締約國；?

三、審查理事會各項報告，對報告采取適當行動，并就理事會向大會提出的任何事項作出決定；?

四、決定大會本身的議事規則，并設置其認為必要的或適宜的各種附屬委員會；?

五、按照第十二章的規定，表決本組織的年度預算，并表決本組織的財務安排；?

六、審查本組織的支出費用，并批準本組織的賬目；?

七、根據自己的決定，將其職權范圍內的任何事項交給理事會、附屬委員會或任何其他機構處理； ? ?

八、賦予理事會為行使本組織職責所必需的或適宜的權力和職權，并隨時撤銷或變更所賦予的職權；?

九、執行第十三章的各項有關規定；?

十、審議有關變更或修正本公約條款的提案。如大會通過此項提案，則按照第二十一章的規定，將此項提案向各締約國建議；?

十一、處理在本組織職權范圍內未經明確指定歸理事會處理的任何事項。

第九章　理事會

第五十條　理事會的組成和選舉?

一、理事會是向大會負責的常設機構，由大會選出的二十一個締約國組成。大會第一次會議應進行此項選舉，此后每三年選舉一次；當選的理事任職至下屆選舉時為止。

二、大會選舉理事時，應給予下列國家以適當代表：?

（一）在航空運輸方面占主要地位的各國；

（二）未包括在其他項下的對提供國際民用航空航行設施作最大貢獻的各國；及

（三）未包括在其他項下的其當選可保證世界各主要地理區域的理事會中均有代表的各國。理事會中一有出缺，應由大會盡速補充；如此當選理事的締約國，其任期應為其前任所未屆滿的任期。?

三、締約國擔任理事的代表不得同時參與國際航空的經營或與此項航班有財務上的利害關系。

第五十一條　理事會主席?

理事會應選舉主席一人，任期三年，連選可以連任。理事會主席無表決權。理事會應從其理事中選舉副主席一人或數人。副主席代理主席時，仍保留其表決權。主席不一定由理事會成員國代表中選出，但如有一名代表當選，即認為其理事席位出缺，應由其代表的國家另派代表。主席的職責如下： ? ?

一、召集理事會、航空運輸委員會及航行委員會的會議；?

二、充任理事會的代表；?

三、以理事會的名義執行理事會委派給他的任務。

第五十二條　理事會的表決?

理事會的決議需經過半數理事同意。理事會對任一特定事項可以授權由其理事組成的一委員會處理。對理事會任何委員會的決議，有關締約國可以向理事會申訴。

第五十三條　無表決權參加會議?

任何締約國在理事會及其委員會和專門委員會審議特別影響該國利益的任何問題時，可以參加會議，但無表決權。理事會成員國在理事會審議一項爭端時，如其本身為爭端的一方，則不得參加表決。

第五十四條　理事會必須履行的職能?

理事會應：?

一、向大會提出年度報告；?

二、執行大會的指示和履行本公約為其規定的職責和義務；?

三、決定其組織和議事規則；?

四、在理事會各成員國代表中選擇任命一對理事會負責的航空運輸委員會，并規定其職責；?

五、按照第十章的規定設立一航行委員會；?

六、按照第十二章和第十五章的規定管理本組織的財務；?

七、決定理事會主席的酬金；?

八、按照第十一章的規定，任命一主要行政官員，稱為秘書長，并規定對其他必要工作人員的任用辦法；?

九、征求、搜集、審查并出版關于空中航行的發展和國際航班經營的資料，包括經營的成本，及以公共資金給予空運企業補貼等詳細情形的資料；?

十、向締約各國報告關于違反本公約及不執行理事會建議或決定的任何情況；?

十一、向大會報告關于一締約國違反本公約而經通知后在一合理的期限內仍未采取適當行動的任何情況；?

十二、按照本公約第六章的規定，通過國際標準及建議措施；并為便利起見，將些種標準和措施稱為本公約的附件，并將已采取的行動通知所有締約國；?

十三、審議航行委員會有關修改附件的建議，并按照第二十章的規定采取行動；?

十四、審議任何締約國向理事會提出的關于本公約的任何事項。

第五十五條　理事會可以行使的職能?

理事會可以：?

一、在適當的情況下并根據經驗認為需要的時候，在地區或其他基礎上，設立附屬的航空運輸委員會，并劃分國家或空運企業的組別，以便理事會與其一起或通過其促進實現本公約的宗旨；?

二、委托航行委員會行使本公約規定以外的職責，并隨時撤銷或變更此種職責；?

三、對具有國際意義的航空運輸和空中航行的一切方面進行研究，將研究結果通知各締約國，并促進締約國之間交換有關航空運輸和空中航行的資料；?

四、研究有關國際航空運輸的組織和經營的任何問題，包括干線上國際航班的國際所有和國際經營的問題，并將有關計劃提交大會；?

五、根據任何一個締約國的要求，調查對國際空中航行的發展可能出現本可避免的障礙的任何情況，并在調查后發布其認為適宜的報告。

第十章　航行委員會

第五十六條　委員會的提名和任命?

航行委員會由理事會在締約國提名的人員中任命委員十二人組成。此等人員對航空的科學知識和實踐應具有合適的資格和經驗。理事會應要求所有締約國提名。航行委員會的主席由理事會任命。

第五十七條　委員會的職責?

航行委員會應：?

一、對本公約附件的修改進行審議并建議理事會予以通過；?

二、成立技術小組委員會，任何締約國如愿意參加，都可指派代表；?

三、在向各締約國收集和傳遞其認為對改進空中航行有必要和有用的一切資料方面，向理事會提供意見。

第十一章　人事

第五十八條　人員的任命?

在符合大會制訂的一切規則和本公約條款的情況下，理事會確定秘書長及本組織其他人員的任命及任用終止的辦法、訓練、薪金、津貼及服務條件，并可雇用任一締約國國民或使用其服務。

第五十九條　人員的國際性?

理事會主席、秘書長以及其他人員對于執行自己的職務，不得征求或接受本組織以外任何當局的指示。締約各國承允充分尊重此等人員職務的國際性，并不謀求對其任一國民在執行此項職務時施加影響。

第六十條　人員的豁免和特權?

締約各國承允在其憲法程序允許的范圍內，對本組織理事會主席、秘書長和其他人員，給以其他國際公共組織相當人員所享受的豁免和特權。如對國際公務人員的豁免和特權達成普遍性國際協定時，則給予本組織理事會主席、秘書長及其他人員的豁免和特權，應為該項普遍性國際協定所給予的豁免和特權。

第十二章　財政

第六十一條　預算和開支分攤?

理事會應將年度預算、年度決算和全部收支的概算提交大會。大會應對預算連同其認為應作的修改進行表決，并除按第十五章規定向各國分攤其同意繳納的款項外，應將本組織的開支按照隨時確定的辦法在各締約國間分攤。

第六十二條　中止表決權?

任何締約國如在合理期限內，不向本組織履行其財務上的義務時，大會可以中止其在大會和理事會的表決權。

第六十三條　代表團及其他代表的費用?

締約各國應負擔其出席大會的本國代表團的開支，以及由其任命在理事會工作的任何人員及其出席本組織附屬的任何委員會或專門委員會指派人員或代表的報酬、旅費及其他費用。

第十三章　其他國際協議

第六十四條　有關安全的協議?

本組織對于在其權限范圍之內直接影響世界安全的航空事宜，經由大會表決后，可以與世界各國為保持和平而成立的任何普遍性組織締結適當的協議。 第六十五條　與其他國際機構訂立協議?

理事會可以代表本組織同其他國際機構締結關于合用服務和有關人事的共同安排的協議，并經大會批準后，可以締結其他為便利本組織工作的協議。

第六十六條　關于其他協定的職能?

一、本組織并應根據1944年12月7日在芝加哥訂立的國際航班過境協定和國際航空運輸協定所規定的條款和條件，履行該兩項協定為本組織規定的職能。?

二、凡大會和理事會成員國未接受1944年12月7日在芝加哥訂立的國際航班過境協定或國際航空運輸協定的，對根據此項有關協定的條款而提交大會或理事會的任何問題，沒有表決權。

第三部分　國際航空運輸

第十四章　資料和報告

第六十七條　向理事會送交報告?

締約各國承允，各該國的國際空運企業按照理事會規定的要求，向理事會送交運輸報告、成本統計，以及包括說明一切收入及其來源的財務報告。

第十五章　機場及其他航行設施

第六十八條　航路和機場的指定?

締約各國在不違反本公約的規定下，可以指定任何國際航班在其領土內應遵循的航路和可以使用的機場。

第六十九條　航行設施的改進?

理事會如認為某一締約國的機場或其他航行設施，包括無線電及氣象服務，對現有的或籌劃中的國際航班的安全、正常、有效和經濟的經營尚不夠完善時，應與直接有關的國家和影響所及的其他國家磋商，以尋求補救辦法，并可對此提出建議。締約國如不履行此項建議時，不應作違反本公約論。

第七十條　提供航行設施費用?

一締約國在第六十九條規定所引起的情況下，可以與理事會達成協議，以實施該項建議。該國可以自愿擔負任何此項協議所必需的一切費用。該國如不愿擔負時，理事會可應該國的請求，同意提供全部或一部分費用。

第七十一條　理事會對設施的提供和維護?

如一締約國請求，理事會可以同意全部或部分地提供、維護和管理在該國領土內為其他締約國國際航班安全、正常、有效和經濟的經營所需要的機場及其他航行設施，包括無線電和氣象服務，并提供所需的人員。理事會可以規定使用此項設施的公平和合理的費用。

第七十二條　土地的取得或使用?

經締約國請求由理事會全部或部分提供費用的設施，如需用土地時，該國應自行供給如愿意時可保留此項土地的所有權，或根據該國法律，按照公平合理的條件，對理事會使用此項土地給予便利。

第七十三條　開支和經費的分攤?

理事會在大會根據第十二章撥給理事會使用的經費范圍內，可以從本組織的總經費中為本章的目的支付經常費用。為本章的目的所需的資金，由理事會按預先同意的比例在一合理期間內，向使用此項設施的空運企業所屬的并同意承擔的締約國分攤。理事會也可以向同意承擔的國家分攤任何必需的周轉金。

第七十四條　技術援助和收入的利用?

理事會經一締約國的要求為其墊款、或全部或部分地提供機場或其他設施時，經該國同意，可以在協議中規定在機場及其設施的管理和經營方面予以技術援助；并規定從經營機場及其他設施的收入中，支付機場及其他設施的業務開支、利息及分期償還費用。

第七十五條　從理事會接收設備?

締約國可以隨時解除其按照第七十條所擔負的任何義務，償付理事會按情況認為合理的款額，以接收理事會根據第七十一條和第七十二條規定在其領土內設置的機場和其他設施。如該國認為理事會所定的數額不合理時，可以對理事會的決定向大會申訴，大會可以確認或修改理事會的決定。

第七十六條　款項的退還?

理事會根據第七十五條收回的款項及根據第七十四條所得的利息和分期償還款項，如原款是按照第七十三條由各國墊付，應由理事會決定按照各該國原墊款的比例退還各該國。

第十六章　聯營組織和合營航班

第七十七條　允許聯合經營組織?

本公約不妨礙兩個或兩個以上締約國組成航空運輸的聯營組織或國際性的經營機構，以及在任何航線或地區合營航班。但此項組織或機構的合營航班，應遵守本公約的一切規定，包括關于將協定向理事會登記的規定。理事會應決定本公約關于航空器國籍的規定以何種方式適合于國際經營機構所用的航空器。

第七十八條　理事會的職能?

理事會可以建議各有關締約國在任何航線或任何地區建立聯合組織經營航班。

第七十九條　參加經營組織?

一國可以通過其政府或由其政府指定的一家或幾家空運企業，參加聯營組織或合營安排。此種企業可以是國有、部分國有或私有，完全由有關國家自行決定。

第四部分　最后條款

第十七章　其他航空協定和協議

第八十條　巴黎公約和哈瓦那公約?

締約各國承允，如該國是1919年10月13日在巴黎簽訂的空中航行管理公約或1928年2月20日在哈瓦那簽訂的商業航空公約的締約國，則在本公約生效時，立即聲明退出上述公約。在各締約國間，本公約即代替上述巴黎公約和哈瓦那公約。

第八十一條　現行協定的登記?

本公約生效時，一締約國和任何其他國家間，或一締約國空運企業和任何其他國家或其他國家空運企業間的一切現行航空協定，應立即向理事會登記。

第八十二條　廢除與本公約抵觸的協議?

締約各國承認本公約廢除了彼此間所有與本公約條款相抵觸的義務和諒解，并承允不再承擔任何此類義務和達成任何此類諒解。一締約國如在成為本組織的成員國以前，曾對某一非締約國或某一締約國的國民或非締約國的國民，承擔了與本公約的條款相抵觸的任何義務，應立即采取步驟，解除其義務。任何締約國的空運企業如已經承擔了任何此類與本公約相抵觸的義務，該空運企業所屬國應以最大努力立即終止該項義務，無論如何，應在本公約生效后可以合法地采取這種行動時，終止此種義務。

第八十三條　新協議的登記?

任何締約國在不違反前條的規定下，可以訂立與本公約各規定不相抵觸的協議。任何此種協議，應立即向理事會登記，理事會應盡速予以公布。

第八十三條分條① 職責和義務的轉移

注①一九八○年十月六日，大會修正芝加哥公約，增加第八十三條分條。該條尚未生效。

一、盡管有第十二條、第三十條、第三十一條和第三十二條第一款的規定，當在一締約國登記的航空器由在另一締約國有主營業所或永久居所的經營人根據租用、包用或互換航空器的協議或者任何其他類似協議經營時，登記國可以與該另一國通過協議，將第十二條、第三十條、第三十一條和第三十二條第一款賦予登記國對該航空器的職責和義務轉移至該另一國。登記國應被解除對已轉移的職責和義務的責任。

二、上述協議未按照第八十三條的規定向理事會登記并公布之前，或者該協議的存在和范圍未由協議當事國直接通知各有關締約國，轉移對其他締約國不發生效力。?

三、上述第一款和第二款的規定對第七十七條所指的情況同樣適用。

第十八章　爭端和違約

第八十四條　爭端的解決?

如兩個或兩個以上締約國對本公約及其附件的解釋或適用發生爭議，而不能協商解決時，經任何與爭議有關的一國申請，應由理事會裁決。理事會成員國如為爭端的一方，在理事會審議時，不得參加表決。任何締約國可以按照第八十五條，對理事會的裁決向爭端他方同意的特設仲裁庭或向常設國際法院上訴。任何此項上訴應在接獲理事會裁決通知后六十天內通知理事會。

第八十五條　仲裁程序?

對理事會的裁決上訴時，如爭端任何一方的締約國，未接受常設國際法院的規約，而爭端各方的締約國又不能在仲裁庭的選擇方面達成協議，爭端各方締約國應各指定一仲裁員，再由仲裁員指定一仲裁長。如爭端任何一方的締約國從上訴之日起三個月內未能指定一仲裁員，理事會主席應代替該國從理事會所保存的合格的并可供使用的人員名單中，指定一仲裁員。如各種裁員在三十天內對仲裁長不能達成協議，理事會主席應從上述名單中指定一仲裁長。各種裁員和該仲裁長應即聯合組成一仲裁庭。根據本條或前條組成的任何仲裁庭，應決定其自己的議事程序，并以多數票作出裁決。但理事會如認為有任何過分延遲的情形，可以對程序問題作出決定。

第八十六條　上訴

除非理事會另有決定，理事會對一國際空運企業的經營是否符合本公約規定的任何裁決，未經上訴撤銷，應仍保持有效。關于任何其他事件。理事會的裁決一經上訴，在上訴裁決以前應暫停有效。常設國際法院和仲裁庭的裁決，應為最終的裁決并具有約束力。

第八十七條　對空運企業不遵守規定的處罰?

締約各國承允，如理事會認為一締約國的空運企業未遵守根據前條所作的最終裁決時，即不準該空運企業在其領土之上的空氣空間飛行。

第八十八條　對締約國不遵守規定的處罰?

大會對違反本章規定的任何締約國，應暫停其在大會和理事會的表決權。

第十九章　戰　爭

第八十九條　戰爭和緊急狀態?

如遇戰爭，本公約的規定不妨礙受戰爭影響的任一締約國的行動自由，無論其為交戰國或中立國。如遇任何締約國宣布其處于緊急狀態，并將此事通知理事會，上述原則同樣適用。

第二十章　附　件

第九十條　附件的通過和修正?

一、第五十四條第十二款所述的附件，應經為此目的而召開的理事會會議三分之二的票數通過，然后由理事會將此種附件分送締約各國。任何此種附件或任何附件的修正案，應在送交締約各國后三個月內，或在理事會所規定的較長時期終了時生效，除非在此期間有半數以上締約國向理事會表示反對。?

二、理事會應將任何附件或其修正案的生效，立即通知所有締約國。

第二十一章　批準、加入、修正和退出?

第九十一條　公約的批準?

一、本公約應由各簽署國批準。批準書應交存美利堅合眾國政府檔案處，該國政府應將交存日期通知各簽署國和加入國。?

二、本公約一經二十六個國家批準或加入后，在第二十六件批準書交存以后第三十天起即在各該國間生效。以后每一國家批準本公約，在其批準書交存后第三十天起對該國生效。?

三、美利堅合眾國政府應負責將本公約的生效日期通知各簽署國和加入國。

第九十二條　公約的加入?

一、本公約應對聯合國成員國、與聯合國有聯系的國家以及在此次世界戰爭中保持中立的國家開放加入。?

二、加入本公約應以通知書送交美利堅合眾國政府，并從美利堅合眾國政府收到通知書后第三十天起生效，美利堅合眾國政府并應通知締約各國。

第九十三條　準許其他國家參加?

第九十一條和第九十二條第一款規定以外的國家，在世界各國為保持和平所設立的任何普遍性國際組織的許可下，經大會五分之四的票數通過并在大會可能規定的各種條件下，準許參加本公約；但在每一情況下，應以取得在此次戰爭中受該請求加入的國家入侵或攻擊過的國家的同意為必要條件。

第九十三條分條①

注①一九四七年五月二十七日，大會決定修正芝加哥公約，增加第九十三條分條。根據公約第九十四條第一款的規定，該修正案于一九六一年三月二十日起對批準該修正案的國家生效。

一、盡管有以上第九十一條、第九十二條和第九十三條的規定。?

（一）一國如聯合國大會已建議將其政府排除出由聯合國建立或與聯合國有聯系的國際機構，即自動喪失國際民用航空組織成員國的資格；?

（二）一國如已被開除出聯合國，即自動喪失國際民用航空組織成員國的資格，除非聯合國大會對其開除行動附有相反的建議。?

二、一國由于上述第一款的規定而喪失國際民用航空組織成員國的資格，經申請，由理事會多數通過，并得到聯合國大會批準后，可以重新加入國際民用航空組織。?

三、本組織的成員國，如被暫停行使聯合國成員國的權利和特權，根據聯合國的要求，應暫停其本組織成員國的權利和特權。

第九十四條　公約的修正?

一、對本公約所建議的任何修正案，必須經大會三分之二票數通過，并在大會規定數目的締約國批準后，對已經批準的國家開始生效。規定的國家數目應不少于締約國總數的三分之二。?

二、如大會認為由于修正案的性質而有必要時，可以在其建議通過該修正案的決議中規定，任何國家在該修正案生效后規定的時期內未予批準，即喪失其為本組織成員國及公約參加國的資格。

第九十五條　退出公約?

一、任何締約國在公約生效后三年，可以用通知書通知美利堅合眾國政府退出本公約，美利堅合眾國政府應立即通知各締約國。?

二、退出公約從收到通知書之日起一年后生效，并僅對宣告退出的國家生效。

第二十二章　定　義

第九十六條?

就本公約而言：?

一、“航班”指以航空器從事乘客、郵件或貨物的公共運輸的任何定期航班。?

二、“國際航班”指經過一個以上國家領土之上的空氣間的航班。?

三、“空運企業”指提供或經營國際航班的任何航空運輸企業。?

四、 “非商業性降停”指任何目的不在于上下乘客、貨物或郵件的降停。

公約的簽署

下列全權代表經正式授權，各代表其本國政府在本公約上簽署，以資證明，簽署日期列于署名的一側。?

本公約以英文于1944年12月7日簽訂于芝加哥。以英文、法文、西班牙文和俄文（一九七七年九月三十日，大會決定修正芝加哥公約，增加以俄文寫成的作準文本。該修正案尚未生效。) 寫成的各種文本具有同等效力的文本。這些文本都存放于美利堅合眾國政府檔案處，由該政府將經過認證的副本分送在本公約上簽字的或加入本公約的各國政府。本公約應在華盛頓（哥倫比亞特區）開放簽署。

Preamble
WHEREAS the future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse can become a threat to the general security; and
WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that cooperation between nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world depends;
THEREFORE, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that international air transport services may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economically;
Have accordingly concluded this Convention to that end.
Came into force on 4 April 1947, the thirtieth day after deposit with the Government of the United States of America of the twenty-sixth instrument of ratification thereof or notification of adherence thereto, in accordance with Article 91 (b ).
Part I - Air navigation
Chapter I - General Principles and Application of the Convention
Article 1 - Sovereignty
The contracting States recognize that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.
Article 2 - Territory
For the purposes of this Convention the territory of a State shall be deemed to be the land areas and territorial waters adjacent thereto under the sovereignty, suzerainty, protection or mandate of such State.
Article 3 - Civil and state aircraft
(a) This Convention shall be applicable only to civil aircraft, and shall not be applicable to state aircraft.
(b) Aircraft used in military, customs and police services shall be deemed to be state aircraft.
(c) No state aircraft of a contracting State shall fly over the territory of another State or land thereon without authorization by special agreement or otherwise, and in accordance with the terms thereof.
(d) The contracting States undertake, when issuing regulations for their state aircraft, that they will have due regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft.
Article 4 - Misuse of civil aviation
Each contracting State agrees not to use civil aviation for any purpose inconsistent with the aims of this Convention.
Chapter II - Flight over territory of Contracting States
Article 5 - Right of non-scheduled flight
Each contracting State agrees that all aircraft of the other contracting States, being aircraft not engaged in scheduled international air services shall have the right, subject to the observance of the terms of this Convention, to make flights into or in transit non-stop across its territory and to make stops for non-traffic purposes without the necessity of obtaining prior permission, and subject to the right of the State flown over to require landing. Each contracting State nevertheless reserves the right, for reasons of safety of flight, to require aircraft desiring to proceed over regions which are inaccessible or without adequate air navigation facilities to follow prescribed routes, or to obtain special permission for such flights.
Such aircraft, if engaged in the carriage of passengers, cargo, or mail for remuneration or hire on other than scheduled international air services, shall also, subject to the provisions of Article 7, have the privilege of taking on or discharging passengers, cargo, or mail, subject to the right of any State where such embarkation or discharge takes place to impose such regulations, conditions or limitations as it may consider desirable.
Article 6 - Scheduled air services
No scheduled international air service may be operated over or into the territory of a contracting State, except with the special permission or other authorization of that State, and in accordance with the terms of such permission or authorization.
Article 7 - Cabotage
Each contracting State shall have the right to refuse permission to the aircraft of other contracting States to take on in its territory passengers, mail and cargo carried for remuneration or hire and destined for another point within its territory. Each contracting State undertakes not to enter into any arrangements which specifically grant any such privilege on an exclusive basis to any other State or an airline of any other State, and not to obtain any such exclusive privilege from any other State.
Article 8 - Pilotless aircraft
No aircraft capable of being flown without a pilot shall be flown without a pilot over the territory of a contracting State without special authorization by that State and in accordance with the terms of such authorization. Each contracting State undertakes to insure that the flight of such aircraft without a pilot in regions open to civil aircraft shall be so controlled as to obviate danger to civil aircraft.
Article 9 - Prohibited areas
(a) Each contracting State may, for reasons of military necessity or public safety, restrict or prohibit uniformly the aircraft of other States from flying over certain areas of its territory, provided that no distinction in this respect is made between the aircraft of the State whose territory is involved, engaged in international scheduled airline services, and the aircraft of the other contracting States likewise engaged. Such prohibited areas shall be of reasonable extent and location so as not to interfere unnecessarily with air navigation. Descriptions of such prohibited areas in the territory of a contracting State, as well as any subsequent alterations therein, shall be communicated as soon as possible to the other contracting States and to the International Civil Aviation Organization.
(b) Each contracting State reserves also the right, in exceptional circumstances or during a period of emergency, or in the interest of public safety, and with immediate effect, temporarily to restrict or prohibit flying over the whole or any part of its territory, on condition that such restriction or prohibition shall be applicable without distinction of nationality to aircraft of all other States.
(c) Each contracting State, under such regulations as it may prescribe, may require any aircraft entering the areas contemplated in subparagraphs (a) or (b) above to effect a landing as soon as practicable thereafter at some designated airport within its territory.
Article 10 - Landing at customs airport
Except in a case where, under the terms of this Convention or a special authorization, aircraft are permitted to cross the territory of a contracting State without landing, every aircraft which enters the territory of a contracting State shall, if the regulations of that State so require, land at an airport designated by that State for the purpose of customs and other examination. On departure from the territory of a contracting State, such aircraft shall depart from a similarly designated customs airport. Particulars of all designated customs airports shall be published by the State and transmitted to the International Civil Aviation Organization established under Part 11 of this Convention for communication to all other contracting States.
Article 11 - Applicability of air regulations
Subject to the provisions of this Convention, the laws and regulations of a contracting State relating to the admission to or departure from its territory of aircraft engaged in international air navigation, or to the operation and navigation of such aircraft while within its territory, shall be applied to the aircraft of all contracting States without distinction as to nationality, and shall be complied with by such aircraft upon entering or departing from or while within the territory of that State.
Article 12 - Rules of the air
Each contracting State undertakes to adopt measures to insure that every aircraft flying over or maneuvering within its territory and that every aircraft carrying its nationality mark, wherever such aircraft may be, shall comply with the rules and regulations relating to the flight and maneuver of aircraft there in force. Each contracting State undertakes to keep its own regulations in these respects uniform, to the greatest possible extent, with those established from time to time under this Convention. Over the high seas, the rules in force shall be those established under this Convention. Each contracting State undertakes to insure the prosecution of all persons violating the regulations applicable.
Article 13 - Entry and clearance regulations
The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the admission to or departure from its territory of passengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such as regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine shall be complied with by or on behalf of such passengers, crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within the territory of that State.
Article 14 - Prevention of spread of disease
Each contracting State agrees to take effective measures to prevent the spread by means of air navigation of cholera, typhus (epidemic), smallpox, yellow fever, plague, and such other communicable diseases as the contracting States shall from time to time decide to designate, and to that end contracting States will keep in close consultation with the agencies concerned with international regulations relating to sanitary measures applicable to aircraft. Such consultation shall be without prejudice to the application of any existing international convention on this subject to which the contracting States may be parties.
Article 15 - Airport and similar charges
Every airport in a contracting State which is open to public use by its national aircraft shall likewise, subject to the provisions of Article 68, be open under uniform conditions to the aircraft of all the other contracting States. The like uniform conditions shall apply to the use, by aircraft of every contracting State, of all air navigation facilities, including radio and meteorological services, which may be provided for public use for the safety and expedition of air navigation. Any charges that may be imposed or permitted to be imposed by a contracting State for the use of such airports and air navigation facilities by the aircraft of any other contracting State shall not be higher,
(a) As to aircraft not engaged in scheduled international air services, than those that would be paid by its national aircraft of the same class engaged in similar operations, and
(b) As to aircraft engaged in scheduled international air services, than those that would be paid by its national aircraft engaged in similar international air services.
All such charges shall be published and communicated to the International Civil Aviation Organization, provided that, upon representation by an interested contracting State, the charges imposed for the use of airports and other facilities shall be subject to review by the Council, which shall report and make recommendations thereon for the consideration of the State or States concerned. No fees, dues or other charges shall be imposed by any contracting State in respect solely of the right of transit over or entry into or exit from its territory of any aircraft of a contracting State or persons or property thereon.
Article 16 - Search of aircraft
The appropriate authorities of each of the contracting States shall have the right, without unreasonable delay, to search aircraft of the other contracting States on landing or departure, and to inspect the certificates and other documents prescribed by this Convention.
Chapter III - Nationality of aircraft
Article 17 - Nationality of aircraft
Aircraft have the nationality of the State in which they are registered.
Article 18 - Dual registration
An aircraft cannot be validly registered in more than one State, but its registration may be changed from one State to another.
Article 19 - National laws governing registration
The registration or transfer of registration of aircraft in any contracting State shall be made in accordance with its laws and regulations.
Article 20 - Display of marks
Every aircraft engaged in international air navigation shall bear its appropriate nationality and registration marks.
Article 21 - Report of registrations
Each contracting State undertakes to supply to any other contracting State or to the International Civil Aviation Organization, on demand, information concerning the registration and ownership of any particular aircraft registered in that State. In addition, each contracting State shall furnish reports to the International Civil Aviation Organization, under such regulations as the latter may prescribe, giving such pertinent data as can be made available concerning the ownership and control of aircraft registered in that State and habitually engaged in international air navigation. The data thus obtained by the International Civil Aviation Organization shall be made available by it on request to the other contracting States.
Chapter IV - Measures to facilitate air navigation
Article 22 - Facilitation of formalities
Each contracting State agrees to adopt all practicable measures, through the issuance of special regulations or otherwise, to facilitate and expedite navigation by aircraft between the territories of contracting States, and to prevent unnecessary delays to aircraft, crews, passengers and cargo, especially in the administration of the laws relating to immigration, quarantine, customs and clearance.
Article 23 - Customs and immigration procedures
Each contracting State undertakes, so far as it may find practicable, to establish customs and immigration procedures affecting international air navigation in accordance with the practices which may be established or recommended from time to time, pursuant to this Convention. Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as preventing the establishment of customs-free airports.
Article 24 - Customs duty
(a) Aircraft on a flight to, from, or across the territory of another contracting State shall be admitted temporarily free of duty, subject to the customs regulations of the State. Fuel, lubricating oils, spare parts, regular equipment and aircraft stores on board an aircraft of a contracting State, on arrival in the territory of another contracting State and retained on board on leaving the territory of that State shall be exempt from customs duty, inspection fees or similar national or local duties and charges. This exemption shall not apply to any quantities or articles unloaded, except in accordance with the customs regulations of the State, which may require that they shall be kept under customs supervision.
(b) Spare parts and equipment imported into the territory of a contracting State for incorporation in or use on an aircraft of another contracting State engaged in international air navigation shall be admitted free of customs duty, subject to compliance with the regulations of the State concerned, which may provide that the articles shall be kept under customs supervision and control.
Article 25 - Aircraft in distress
Each contracting State undertakes to provide such measures of assistance to aircraft in distress in its territory as it may find practicable, and to permit, subject to control by its own authorities, the owners of the aircraft or authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered to provide such measures of assistance as may be necessitated by the circumstances. Each contracting State, when undertaking search for missing aircraft, will collaborate in coordinated measures which may be recommended from time to time pursuant to this Convention.
Article 26 - Investigation of accidents
In the event of an accident to an aircraft of a contracting State occurring in the territory of another contracting State, and involving death or serious injury, or indicating serious technical defect in the aircraft or air navigation facilities, the State in which the accident occurs will institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the accident, in accordance, so far as its laws permit, with the procedure which may be recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization. The State in which the aircraft is registered shall be given the opportunity to appoint observers to be present at the inquiry and the State holding the inquiry shall communicate the report and findings in the matter to that State.
Article 27 - Exemption from seizure on patent claims
(a) While engaged in international air navigation, any authorized entry of aircraft of a contracting State into the territory of another contracting State or authorized transit across the territory of such State with or without landings shall not entail any seizure or detention of the aircraft or any claim against the owner or operator thereof or any other interference therewith by or on behalf of such State or any person therein, on the ground that the construction, mechanism, parts, accessories or operation of the aircraft is an infringement of any patent, design, or model duly granted or registered in the State whose territory is entered by the aircraft, it being agreed that no deposit of security in connection with the foregoing exemption from seizure or detention of the aircraft shall in any case be required in the State entered by such aircraft.
(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this Article shall also be applicable to the storage of spare parts and spare equipment for the aircraft and the right to use and install the same in the repair of an aircraft of a contracting State in the territory of any other contracting State, provided that any patented part or equipment so stored shall not be sold or distributed internally in or exported commercially from the contracting State entered by the aircraft.
(c) The benefits of this Article shall apply only to such States, parties to this Convention, as either (1) are parties to the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and to any amendments thereof; or (2) have enacted patent laws which recognize and give adequate protection to inventions made by the nationals of the other States parties to this Convention.
Article 28 - Air navigation facilities and standard systems
Each contracting State undertakes, so far as it may find practicable, to:
(a) Provide, in its territory, airports, radio services, meteorological services and other air navigation facilities to facilitate international air navigation, in accordance with the standards and practices recommended or established from time to time, pursuant to this Convention;
(b) Adopt and put into operation the appropriate standard systems of communications procedure, codes, markings, signals, lighting and other operational practices and rules which may be recommended or established from time to time, pursuant to this Convention;
(c) Collaborate in international measures to secure the publication of aeronautical maps and charts in accordance with standards which may be recommended or established from time to time, pursuant to this Convention.
Chapter V - Conditions to be fulfilled with respect to aircraft
Article 29 - Documents carried in aircraft
Every aircraft of a contracting State, engaged in international navigation, shall carry the following documents in conformity with the conditions prescribed in this Convention:
(a) Its certificate of registration;
(b) Its certificate of airworthiness;
(c) The appropriate licenses for each member of the crew;
(d) Its journey log book;
(e) If it is equipped with radio apparatus, the aircraft radio station license;
(f) If it carries passengers, a list of their names and places of embarkation and destination;
(g) If it carries cargo, a manifest and detailed declarations of the cargo.
Article 30 - Aircraft radio equipment
(a) Aircraft of each contracting State may, in or over the territory of other contracting States, carry radio transmitting apparatus only if a license to install and operate such apparatus has been issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered. The use of radio transmitting apparatus in the territory of the contracting State whose territory is flown over shall be in accordance with the regulations prescribed by that State.
(b) Radio transmitting apparatus may be used only by members of the flight crew who are provided with a special license for the purpose, issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered.
Article 31 - Certificates of airworthiness
Every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be provided with a certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid by the State in which it is registered.
Article 32 - Licenses of personnel
(a) The pilot of every aircraft and the other members of the operating crew of every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be provided with certificates of competency and licenses issued or rendered valid by the State in which the aircraft is registered.
(b) Each contracting State reserves the right to refuse to recognize, for the purpose of flight above its own territory, certificates of competency and licenses granted to any of its nationals by another contracting State.
Article 33 - Recognition of certificates and licenses
Certificates of airworthiness and certificates of competency and licenses issued or rendered valid by the contracting State in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognized as valid by the other contracting States, provided that the requirements under which such certificates or licenses were issued or rendered valid are equal to or above the minimum standards which may be established from time to time pursuant to this Convention.
Article 34 - Journey log books
There shall be maintained in respect of every aircraft engaged in international navigation a journey log book in which shall be entered particulars of the aircraft, its crew and of each journey, in such form as may be prescribed from time to time pursuant to this Convention.
Article 35 - Cargo restrictions
(a) No munitions of war or implements of war may be carried in or above the territory of a State in aircraft engaged in international navigation, except by permission of such State. Each State shall determine by regulations what constitutes munitions of war or implements of war for the purposes of this Article, giving due consideration, for the purposes of uniformity, to such recommendations as the International Civil Aviation Organization may from time to time make.
(b) Each contracting State reserves the right, for reasons of public order and safety, to regulate or prohibit the carriage in or above its territory of articles other than those enumerated in paragraph (a): provided that no distinction is made in this respect between its national aircraft engaged in international navigation and the aircraft of the other States so engaged; and provided further that no restriction shall be imposed which may interfere with the carriage and use on aircraft of apparatus necessary for the operation or navigation of the aircraft or the safety of the personnel or passengers.
Article 36 - Photographic apparatus
Each contracting State may prohibit or regulate the use of photographic apparatus in aircraft over its territory.
Chapter VI - International standards and recommended practices
Article 37 - Adoption of international standards and procedures
Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organization in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation.
To this end the International Civil Aviation Organization shall adopt and amend from time to time, as may be necessary, international standards and recommended practices and procedures dealing with:
(a) Communications systems and air navigation aids, including ground marking;
(b) Characteristics of airports and landing areas;
(c) Rules of the air and air traffic control practices;
(d) Licensing of operating and mechanical personnel;
(e) Airworthiness of aircraft;
(f) Registration and identification of aircraft;
(g) Collection and exchange of meteorological information;
(h) Log books;
(i) Aeronautical maps and charts;
(j) Customs and immigration procedures;
(k) Aircraft in distress and investigation of accidents;
and such other matters concerned with the safety, regularity, and efficiency of air navigation as may from time to time appear appropriate.
Article 38 - Departures from international standards and procedures
Any State which finds it impracticable to comply in all respects with any such international standard or procedure, or to bring its own regulations or practices into full accord with any international standard or procedure after amendment of the latter, or which deems it necessary to adopt regulations or practices differing in any particular respect from those established by an international standard, shall give immediate notification to the International Civil Aviation Organization of the differences between its own practice and that established by the international standard. In the case of amendments to international standards, any State which does not make the appropriate amendments to its own regulations or practices shall give notice to the Council within sixty days of the adoption of the amendment to the international standard, or indicate the action which it proposes to take. In any such case, the Council shall make immediate notification to all other states of the difference which exists between one or more features of an international standard and the corresponding national practice of that State.
Article 39 - Endorsement of certificates and licenses
(a) Any aircraft or part thereof with respect to which there exists an international standard of airworthiness or performance, and which failed in any respect to satisfy that standard at the time of its certification, shall have endorsed on or attached to its airworthiness certificate a complete enumeration of the details in respect of which it so failed.
(b) Any person holding a license who does not satisfy in full the conditions laid down in the international standard relating to the class of license or certificate which he holds shall have endorsed on or attached to his license a complete enumeration of the particulars in which he does not satisfy such conditions.
Article 40 - Validity of endorsed certificates and licenses
No aircraft or personnel having certificates or licenses so endorsed shall participate in international navigation, except with the permission of the State or States whose territory is entered. The registration or use of any such aircraft, or of any certificated aircraft part, in any State other than that in which it was originally certificated shall be at the discretion of the State into which the aircraft or part is imported.
Article 41 - Recognition of existing standards of airworthiness
The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to aircraft and aircraft equipment of types of which the prototype is submitted to the appropriate national authorities for certification prior to a date three years after the date of adoption of an international standard of airworthiness for such equipment.
Article 42 - Recognition of existing standards of competency of personnel
The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to personnel whose licenses are originally issued prior to a date one year after initial adoption of an international standard of qualification for such personnel; but they shall in any case apply to all personnel whose licenses remain valid five years after the date of adoption of such standard.
Part II - The International Civil Aviation Organization
Chapter VII - The Organization
Article 43 - Name and composition
An organization to be named the international Civil Aviation Organization is formed by the Convention. it is made up of an Assembly, a Council, and such other bodies as may be necessary.
Article 44 - Objectives
The aims and objectives of the Organization are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to:
(a) Insure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world;
(b) Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes;
(c) Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation;
(d) Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport;
(e) Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition;
(f) Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully respected and that every contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines;
(g) Avoid discrimination between contracting States;
(h) Promote safety of flight in international air navigation;
(i) Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics.
Article 45 - Permanent seat
The permanent seat of the Organization shall be at such place as shall be determined at the final meeting of the Interim Assembly of the Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization set up by the Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation signed at Chicago on December 7, 1944. The seat may be temporarily transferred elsewhere by decision of the Council.
Article 46 - First meeting of Assembly
The first meeting of the Assembly shall be summoned by the Interim Council of the above-mentioned Provisional Organization as soon as the Convention has come into force, to meet at a time and place to be decided by the Interim Council.
Article 47 - Legal capacity
The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each contracting State such legal capacity as may be necessary for the performance of its functions. Full juridical personality shall be granted wherever compatible with the constitution and laws of the State concerned.
Chapter VIII - The Assembly
Article 48 - Meetings of Assembly and voting
(a) The Assembly shall meet annually and shall be convened by the Council at a suitable time and place Extraordinary meetings of the Assembly may be held at any time upon the call of the Council or at the request of any ten contracting States addressed to the Secretary General.
(b) All contracting States shall have an equal right to be represented at the meetings of the Assembly and each contracting State shall be entitled to one vote. Delegates representing contracting States may be assisted by technical advisers who may participate in the meetings but shall have no vote.
(c) A majority of the contracting States is required to constitute a quorum for the meetings of the Assembly. Unless otherwise provided in this Convention, decisions of the Assembly shall be taken by a majority of the votes cast.
Article 49 - Powers and duties of Assembly
The powers and duties of the Assembly shall be to:
(a) Elect at each meeting its President and other officers;
(b) Elect the contracting States to be represented on the Council, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter IX;
(c) Examine and take appropriate action on the reports of the Council and decide on any matter referred to it by the Council;
(d) Determine its own rules of procedure and establish such subsidiary commissions as it may consider to be necessary or desirable;
(e) Vote an annual budget and determine the financial arrangements of the Organization, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XII;
(f) Review expenditures and approve the accounts of the Organization;
(g) Refer, at its discretion, to the Council, to subsidiary commissions, or to any other body any matter within its sphere of action;
(h) Delegate to the Council the powers and authority necessary or desirable for the discharge of the duties of the Organization and revoke or modify the delegations of authority at any time;
(i) Carry out the appropriate provisions of Chapter XIII;
(j) Consider proposals for the modification or amendment of the provisions of this Convention and, if it approves of the proposals, recommend them to the contracting States in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XXI;
(k) Deal with any matter within the sphere of action of the Organization not specifically assigned to the Council.
Chapter IX - The Council
Article 50 - Composition and election of Council
(a) The Council shall be a permanent body responsible to the Assembly. It shall be composed of twenty-one contracting States elected by the Assembly. An election shall be held at the first meeting of the Assembly and thereafter every three years, and the members of the Council so elected shall hold office until the next following election.
(b) In electing the members of tile Council, the Assembly shall give adequate representation to (1) the States of chief importance in air transport; (2) the States not otherwise included which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for international civil air navigation; and (3) the States not otherwise included whose designation will insure that all the major geographic areas of the world are represented on tile Council. Any vacancy on the Council shall be filled by the Assembly as soon as possible; any contracting State so elected to the Council shall hold office for the unexpired portion of its predecessor's term of office.
(c) No representative of a contracting State on the Council shall be actively associated with the operation of an international air service or financially interested in such a service.
Article 51 - President of Council
The Council shall elect its President for a term of three years. He may be reelected. He shall have no vote. The Council shall elect from among its members one or more Vice Presidents who shall retain their right to vote when serving as acting President. The President need not be selected from among the representatives of the members of the Council but, if a representative is elected, his seat shall be deemed vacant and it shall be filled by the State which he represented. The duties of the President shall be to:
(a) Convene meetings of the Council, the Air Transport Committee, and the Air Navigation Commission;
(b) Serve as representative of the Council; and
(c) Carry out on behalf of the Council the functions which the Council assigns to him.
Article 52 - Voting in Council
Decisions by the Council shall require approval by a majority of its members. The Council may delegate authority with respect to any particular matter to a committee of its members. Decisions of any committee of the Council may be appealed to the Council by any interested contracting State,
Article 53 - Participation without a vote
Any contracting State may participate, without a vote, in the consideration by the Council and by its committees and commissions of any question which especially affects its interests. No member of the Council shall vote in the consideration by the Council of a dispute to which it is a party.
Article 54 - Mandatory functions of Council
The Council shall:
(a) Submit annual reports to the Assembly;
(b) Carry out the directions of the Assembly and discharge the duties and obligations which are laid on it by this Convention;
(c) Determine its organization and rules of procedure;
(d) Appoint and define the duties of an Air Transport Committee, which shall be chosen from among the representatives of the members of the Council, and which shall be responsible to it;
(e) Establish an Air Navigation Commission, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter X;
(f) Administer the finances of the Organization in accordance with the provisions of Chapters XII and XV;
(g) Determine the emoluments of the President of the Council;
(h) Appoint a chief executive officer who shall be called the Secretary General, and make provision for the appointment of such other personnel as may be necessary, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XI;
(i) Request, collect, examine and publish information relating to the advancement of air navigation and the operation of international air services, including information about the costs of operation and particulars of subsidies paid to airlines from public funds;
(j) Report to contracting States any infraction of this Convention, as well as any failure to carry out recommendations or determinations of the Council;
(k) Report to the Assembly any infraction of this Convention where a contracting State has failed to take appropriate action within a reasonable time after notice of the infraction;
(l) Adopt, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VI of this Convention, international standards and recommended practices; for convenience, designate them as Annexes to this Convention; and notify all contracting States of the action taken;
(m) Consider recommendations of the Air Navigation Commission for amendment of the Annexes and take action in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XX;
(n) Consider any matter relating to the Convention which any contracting State refers to it.
Article 55 - Permissive functions of Council
The Council may:
(a) Where appropriate and as experience may show to be desirable, create subordinate air transport commissions on a regional or other basis and define
groups of states or airlines with or through which it may deal to facilitate the carrying out of the aims of this Convention;
(b) Delegate to the Air Navigation Commission duties additional to those set forth in the Convention and revoke or modify such delegations of authority at any time;
(c) Conduct research into all aspects of air transport and air navigation which are of international importance, communicate the results of its research to the contracting States, and facilitate the exchange of information between contracting States on air transport and air navigation matters;
(d) Study any matters affecting the organization and operation of international air transport, including the international ownership and operation of international air services on trunk routes, and submit to the Assembly plans in relation thereto;
(e) Investigate, at the request of any contracting State, any situation which may appear to present avoidable obstacles to the development of international air navigation; and, after such investigation, issue such reports as may appear to it desirable.
Chapter X - The Air Navigation Commission
Article 56 - Nomination and appointment of Commission
The Air Navigation Commission shall be composed of twelve members appointed by the Council from among persons nominated by contracting States. These persons shall have suitable qualifications and experience in the science and practice of aeronautics. The Council shall request all contracting States to submit nominations. The President of the Air Navigation Commission shall be appointed by the Council.
Article 57 - Duties of Commission
The Air Navigation Commission shall:
(a) Consider, and recommend to the Council for adoption, modifications of the Annexes to this Convention;
(b) Establish technical subcommissions on which any contracting State may be represented, if it so desires;
(c) Advise the Council concerning the collection and communication to the contracting States of all information which it considers necessary and useful for the advancement of air navigation.
Chapter XI - Personnel
Article 58 - Appointment of personnel
Subject to any rules laid down by the Assembly and to the provisions of this Convention, the Council shall determine the method of appointment and of termination of appointment, the training, and the salaries, allowances, and conditions of service of the Secretary General and other personnel of the Organization, and may employ or make use of the services of nationals of any contracting State.
Article 59 - International character of personnel
The President of the Council, the Secretary General, and other personnel shall not seek or receive instructions in regard to the discharge of their responsibilities from any authority external to the Organization. Each contracting State undertakes fully to respect the international character of the responsibilities of the personnel and not to seek to influence any of its nationals in the discharge of their responsibilities.
Article 60 - Immunities and privileges of personnel
Each contracting State undertakes, so far as possible under its constitutional procedure, to accord to the President of the Council, the Secretary General, and the other personnel of the Organization, the immunities and privileges which are accorded to corresponding personnel of other public international organizations. If a general international agreement on the immunities and privileges of international civil servants is arrived at, the immunities and privileges accorded to the President, the Secretary General, and the other personnel of the Organization shall be the immunities and privileges accorded under that general international agreement.
Chapter XII - Finance
Article 61 - Budget and apportionment of expenses
The Council shall submit to the Assembly an annual budget, annual statements of accounts and estimates of all receipts and expenditures. The Assembly shall vote the budget with whatever modification it sees fit to prescribe, and, with the exception of assessments under Chapter XV to States consenting thereto, shall apportion the expenses of the Organization among the contracting States on the basis which it shall from time to time determine.
Article 62 - Suspension of voting power
The Assembly may suspend the voting power in the Assembly and in the Council of any contracting State that fails to discharge within a reasonable period its financial obligations to the Organization.
Article 63 - Expenses of delegations and other representatives
Each contracting State shall bear the expenses of its own delegation to the Assembly and the remuneration, travel, and other expenses of any person whom it appoints to serve on the Council, and of its nominees or representatives on any subsidiary committees or commissions of the Organization.
Chapter XIII - Other international arrangements
Article 64 - Security arrangements
The Organization may, with respect to air matters within its competence directly affecting world security, by vote of the Assembly enter into appropriate arrangements with any general organization set up by the nations of the world to preserve peace.
Article 65 - Arrangements with other international bodies
The Council, on behalf of the Organization, may enter into agreements with ot4er international bodies for the maintenance of common services and for common arrangements concerning personnel and, with the approval of the Assembly, may enter into such other arrangements as may facilitate the work of the Organization.
Article 66 - Functions relating to other agreements
(a) The Organization shall also carry out the functions placed upon it by the International Air Services Transit Agreement and by the International Air Transport Agreement drawn up at Chicago on December 7, 1944, in accordance with the terms and conditions therein set forth.
(b) Members of the Assembly and the Council who have not accepted the International Air Services Transit Agreement of the International Air Transport Agreement drawn up at Chicago on December 7, 1944 shall not have the right to vote on any questions referred to the Assembly or Council under the provisions of the relevant Agreement.
Part III - International air transport
Chapter XIV - Information and reports
Article 67 - File reports with Council
Each contracting State undertakes that its international airlines shall, in accordance with requirements laid down by the Council, file with the Council traffic reports, cost statistics and financial statements showing among other things all receipts and the sources thereof.
Chapter XV - Airports and other air navigation facilities
Article 68 - Designation of routes and airports
Each contracting State may, subject to the provisions of this Convention, designate the route to be followed within its territory by any international air service and the airports which any such service may use.
Article 69 - Improvement of air navigation facilities
If the Council is of the opinion that the airports or other air navigation facilities, including radio and meteorological services, of a contracting State are not reasonably adequate for the safe, regular, efficient, and economical operation of international air services, present or contemplated, the Council shall consult with the State directly concerned, and other States affected, with a view to finding means by which the situation may be remedied, and may make recommendations for that purpose. No contracting State shall be guilty of an infraction of this Convention if it fails to carry out these recommendations.
Article 70 - Financing of air navigation facilities
A contracting State, in the circumstances arising under the provisions of Article 69, may conclude an arrangement with the Council for giving effect to such recommendations. The State may elect to bear all of the costs involved in any such arrangement. If the State does not so elect, the Council may agree, at the request of the State, to provide for all or a portion of the costs.
Article 71 - Provision and maintenance of facilities by Council
If a contracting State so requests, the Council may agree to provide, man, maintain, and administer any or all of the airports and other air navigation facilities including radio and meteorological services, required in its territory for the safe, regular, efficient and economical operation of the international air services of the other contracting States, and may specify just and reasonable charges for the use of the facilities provided.
Article 72 - Acquisition or use of land
Where land is needed for facilities financed in whole or in part by the Council at the request of a contracting State, that State shall either provide the land itself, retaining title if it wishes, or facilitate the use of the land by the Council on just and reasonable terms and in accordance with the laws of the State concerned.
Article 73 - Expenditure and assessment of funds
Within the limit of the funds which may be made available to it by the Assembly under Chapter XII, the Council may make current expenditures for the purposes of this Chapter from the general funds of the organization. The Council shall assess the capital funds required for the purposes of this Chapter in previously agreed proportions over a reasonable period of time to the contracting States consenting thereto whose airlines use the facilities. The Council may also assess to States that consent any working funds that are required.
Article 74 - Technical assistance and utilization of revenues
When the Council, at the request of a contracting State, advances funds or provides airports or other facilities in whole or in part, the arrangement may provide, with the consent of that State, for technical assistance in the supervision and operation of the airports and other facilities, and for the payment, from the revenues derived from the operation of the airports and other facilities, of the operating expenses of the airports and the other facilities, and of interest and amortization charges.
Article 75 - Taking over of facilities from Council
A contracting State may at any time discharge any obligation into which it has entered under Article 70, and take over airports and other facilities which the Council has provided in its territory pursuant to the provisions of Articles 71 and 72, by paying to the Council an amount which in the opinion of the Council is reasonable in the circumstances. If the State considers that the amount fixed by the Council is unreasonable it may appeal to the Assembly against the decision of the Council and the Assembly may confirm or amend the decision of the Council.
Article 76 - Return of funds
Funds obtained by the Council through reimbursement under Article 75 and from receipts of interest and amortization payments under Article 74 shall, in the case of advances originally financed by States under Article 73, be returned to the States which were originally assessed in the proportion of their assessments, as determined by the Council.
Chapter XVI - Joint operating organizations and pooled services
Article 77 - Joint operating organizations permitted
Nothing in this Convention shall prevent two or more contracting States from constituting joint air transport operating organizations or international operating agencies and from pooling their air services on any routes or in any regions, but such organizations or agencies and such pooled services shall be subject to all the provisions of this Convention, including those relating to the registration of agreements with the Council. The Council shall determine in what manner the provisions of this Convention relating to nationality of aircraft shall apply to aircraft operated by international operating agencies.
Article 78 - Function of Council
The Council may suggest to contracting States concerned that they form joint organizations to operate air services on any routes or in any regions.
Article 79 - Participation in operating organizations
A State may participate in joint operating organizations or in pooling arrangements, either through its government or through an airline company or companies designated by its government. The companies may, at the sole discretion of the State concerned, be state-owned or partly state-owned or privately owned.
Part IV - Final Provisions
Chapter XVII - Other aeronautical agreements and arrangements
Article 80 - Paris and Habana Conventions
Each contracting State undertakes, immediately upon the coming into force of this Convention, to give notice of denunciation of the Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation signed at Paris on October 13, 1919 or the Convention on Commercial Aviation signed at Habana on February 20, 1928, if it is a party to either. As between contracting States, this Convention supersedes the Conventions of Paris and Habana previously referred to.
Article 81 - Registration of existing agreements
All aeronautical agreements which are in existence on the coming into force of this Convention, and which are between a contracting State and any other State or between an airline of a contracting State and any other State or the airline of any other State, shall be forthwith registered with the Council.
Article 82 - Abrogation of inconsistent arrangements
The contracting States accept this Convention as abrogating all obligations and understandings between them which are inconsistent with its terms, and undertake not to enter into any such obligations and understandings. A contracting State which, before becoming a member of the Organization has undertaken any obligations toward a non-contracting State or a national of a contracting State or of a non-contracting State inconsistent with the terms of this Convention, shall take immediate steps to procure its release from the obligations. If an airline of any contracting State has entered into any such inconsistent obligations, the State of which it is a national shall use its best efforts to secure their termination forth with and shall in any event cause them to be terminated as soon as such action can lawfully be taken after the coming into force of this Convention.
Article 83 - Registration of new arrangements
Subject to the provisions of the preceding Article, any contracting State may make arrangements not inconsistent with the provisions of this Convention. Any such arrangement shall be forthwith registered with the Council, which shall make it public as soon as possible.
Chapter XVIII - Disputes and default
Article 84 - Settlement of disputes
If any disagreement between two or more contracting States relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention and its Annexes cannot be settled by negotiation, it shall, on the application of any State concerned in the disagreement, be decided by the Council. No member of the Council shall vote in the consideration by the Council of any dispute to which it is a party. Any contracting State may, subject to Article 85, appeal from the decision of the Council to an ad hoc arbitral tribunal agreed upon with the other parties to the dispute or to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Any such appeal shall be notified to the Council within sixty days of receipt of notification of the decision of the Council.
Article 85 - Arbitration procedure
If any contracting State party to a dispute in which the decision of the Council is under appeal has not accepted the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the contracting States parties to the dispute cannot agree on the choice of the arbitral tribunal, each of the contracting States parties to the dispute shall name a single arbitrator who shall name an umpire. If either contracting State party to the dispute fails to name an arbitrator within a period of three months from the date of the appeal, an arbitrator shall be named on behalf of that State by the President of the Council from a list of qualified and available persons maintained by the Council. If, within thirty days, the arbitrators cannot agree on an umpire, the President of the Council shall designate an umpire from the list previously referred to. The arbitrators and the umpire shall then jointly constitute an arbitral tribunal. Any arbitral tribunal established under this or the preceding Article shall settle its own procedure and give its decisions by majority vote, provided that the Council may determine procedural questions in the event of any delay which in the opinion of the Council is excessive.
Article 86 - Appeals
Unless the Council decides otherwise any decision by the Council on whether an international airline is operating in conformity with the provisions of this Convention shall remain in effect unless reversed on appeal. On any other matter, decisions of the Council shall, if appealed from, be suspended until the appeal is decided. The decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice and of an arbitral tribunal shall be final and binding.
Article 87 - Penalty for non-conformity of airline
Each contracting State undertakes not to allow the operation of an airline of a contracting State through the airspace above its territory if the Council has decided that the airline concerned is not conforming to a final decision rendered in accordance with the previous Article.
Article 88 - Penalty for non-conformity by State
Tile Assembly shall suspend the voting power in the Assembly and in the Council of any contracting State that is found in default under the provisions of this Chapter.
Chapter XIX - War
Article 89 - War and emergency conditions
in case of war, the provisions of this Convention shall not affect the freedom of action of any of the contracting States affected, whether as belligerents or as neutrals. The same principle shall apply in the case of any contracting State which declares a state of national emergency and notifies the fact to the Council.
Chapter XX - Annexes
Article 90 - Adoption and amendment of Annexes
(a) The adoption by the Council of the Annexes described in Article 54, subparagraph (1), shall require the vote of two-thirds of the Council at a meeting called for that purpose and shall then be submitted by the Council to each contracting State. Any such Annex or any amendment of an Annex shall become effective within three months after its submission to the contracting States or at the end of such longer period of time as the Council may prescribe, unless in the meantime a majority of the contracting States register their disapproval with the Council.
(b) The Council shall immediately notify all contracting States of the Coming into force of any Annex or amendment thereto.
Chapter XXI - Ratifications, adherences, amendments, and denunciations
Article 91 - Ratification of Convention
(a) This Convention shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America, which shall give notice of the date of the deposit to each of the signatory and adhering States.
(b) As soon as this Convention has been ratified or adhered to by twenty-six States it shall come into force between them on the thirtieth day after deposit of the twenty-sixth instrument. It shall come into force for each State ratifying thereafter on the thirtieth day after the deposit of its instrument of ratification.
(c) It shall be the duty of the Government of the United States of America to notify the government of each of the signatory and adhering States of the date on which this Convention comes into force.
Article 92 - Adherence to Convention
(a) This Convention shall be open for adherence by members of the United Nations and States associated with them, and States which remained neutral during the present world conflict.
(b) Adherence shall be effected by a notification addressed to the Government of the United States of America and shall take effect as from the thirtieth day from the receipt of the notification by the Government of the United States of America, which shall notify all the contracting States.
Article 93 - Admission of other States
States other than those provided for in Articles 91 and 92 (a) may, subject to approval by any general international organization set up by the nations of the world to preserve peace, be admitted to participation in this Convention by means of a four-fifths vote of the Assembly and on such conditions as the Assembly may prescribe: provided that in each case the assent of any State invaded or attacked during the present war by the State seeking admission shall be necessary.
Article 94 - Amendment of Convention
(a) Any proposed amendment to this Convention must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Assembly and shall then come into force in respect of States which have ratified such amendment when ratified by the number of contracting States specified by the Assembly. The number so specified shall not be less than two-thirds of the total number of contracting States.
(b) If in its opinion the amendment is of such a nature as to justify this course, the Assembly in its resolution recommending adoption may provide that any State which has not ratified within a specified period after the amendment has come into force shall thereupon cease to be a member of the Organization and a party to the Convention.
Article 95 - Denunciation of Convention
(a) Any contracting State may give notice of denunciation of this Convention three years after its coming into effect by notification addressed to the Government of the United States of America,
which shall at once inform each of the contracting States.
(b) Denunciation shall take effect one year from the date of the receipt of the notification and shall operate only as regards the State effecting the denunciation.
Chapter XXII - Definitions
Article 96
For the purpose of this Convention the expression:
(a) "Air service" means any scheduled air service performed by aircraft for the public transport of passengers, mail or cargo.
(b) "International air service" means an air service which passes through the air space over the territory of more than one State.
(c) "Airline" means any air transport enterprise offering or operating an international air service.
(d) "Stop for non-traffic purposes" means a landing for any purpose other than taking on or discharging passengers, cargo or mail.
Signature of Convention
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned plenipotentiaries, having been duly authorized, sign this Convention on behalf of their respective governments on the dates appearing opposite their signatures.
DONE at Chicago the seventh day of December 1944, in the English language. A text drawn up in the English, French and Spanish languages, each of which shall be of equal authenticity, shall be open for signature at Washington, D.C. Both texts shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America, and certified copies shall be transmitted by that Government to the governments of all the States which may sign or adhere to this Convention.